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The retrovirus Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 is classified into different subtypes, and due to its low evolutionary rates, it can be used to explore geographic patterns of origin and dispersion of human po...
Prototype foamy virus (PFV) is a complex retrovirus that can maintain latent infection for life after viral infection of the host. However, the mechanism of latent infection with PFV remains unclear. Our previ...
People living with HIV (PLWH) who experience low-level viremia (LLV) face unique challenges in disease management, particularly when diagnosed with concurrent malignancies. Albuvirtide (ABT), a long-acting HIV...
Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) is a common hematological malignancy in adults. Although several risk stratifications based on cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities are available to guide the indications for...
Despite recent partial waivers granted by PEPFAR, the 2025 suspension of PEPFAR funding jeopardizes HIV/AIDS care for 20.6 million people, including 550,000 children, and risks reversing decades of progress in...
The tumor suppressor Menin, prone to mutations in both hereditary and sporadic endocrine tumors, along with its direct target Bach2, plays a crucial role in preventing autoimmunity by regulating CD4 + T cell s...
Like all retroviruses, two kinds of viral DNA are present in the nucleus of HIV-infected cells: integrated DNA and a pool of unintegrated DNA containing linear and circular forms. For the most part, it has bee...
The original article was published in Retrovirology 2023 20:14
Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with serious disorders, including Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HA...
The role of viruses in the development of breast cancer has been a subject of debate and extensive research over the past few decades. Several studies have examined the association between Bovine leukemia viru...
The rapid establishment and persistence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs is one of the main obstacles towards an HIV cure. While antiretroviral therapy supresses viral replication, it does not eradicate the latent r...
Brazil has the highest number of HTLV-1 infection in Latin America, with around one million cases spread unevenly across regions. However, there is a limited number of studies on this infection in the general ...
Since previous studies have suggested that the RNAs of human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) might be involved in regulating innate immunity, it is important to investigate the HERV transcriptome patterns in inna...
Despite the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing the global incidence of vertical HIV transmissions, more than 120,000 children are still infected with the virus each year. Since ART cannot cle...
Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection remains a largely neglected public health problem, particularly in resource-poor areas with high burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases, ...
Since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) the brain has become an important human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir due to the relatively low penetration of many drugs utilized i...
Retroviruses exploit host proteins to assemble and release virions from infected cells. Previously, most studies focused on interacting partners of retroviral Gag proteins that localize to the cytoplasm or pla...
An essential regulatory hub for retroviral replication events, the 5’ untranslated region (UTR) encodes an ensemble of cis-acting replication elements that overlap in a logical manner to carry out divergent RN...
Detection of viruses by host pattern recognition receptors induces the expression of type I interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which suppress viral replication. Numerous studies have described H...
The study of HIV infection and pathogenicity in physical reservoirs requires a biologically relevant model. The human immune system (HIS) mouse is an established model of HIV infection, but defects in immune t...
The original article was published in Retrovirology 2022 19:4
Bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are the two main mental disorders with unknown etiology that significantly impact individuals’ quality of life. The potential pro-inflammatory role in their pathoge...
Transcriptionally latent forms of replication-competent proviruses, present primarily in a small subset of memory CD4+ T cells, pose the primary barrier to a cure for HIV-1 infection because they are the source o...
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV) have replicative and latent stages of infection. The status of the viruses is dependent on the cells that harbour them and on different...
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are the remnants of ancient retroviral infections integrated into the human genome. Although most HERVs are silenced or rendered inactive by various regulatory mechanisms,...
Endogenous retroviruses (ERV) are indicators of vertebrate evolutionary history and play important roles as homeostatic regulators. ERV long terminal repeat (LTR) elements may act as cis-activating promoters o...
Chemokines are cytokines whose primary role is cellular activation and stimulation of leukocyte migration. They perform their various functions by interacting with G protein-coupled cell surface receptors (GPC...
The p6 domain of the Gag precursors (Gag p6) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) plays multifunctional roles in the viral life cycle. It utilizes the endosomal sorting complex required for transport...
The murine leukemia virus (MLV) has been a powerful model of pathogenesis for the discovery of genes involved in cancer. Its splice donor (SD’)-associated retroelement (SDARE) is important for infectivity and ...
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other lentiviruses adapt to new hosts by evolving to evade host-specific innate immune proteins that differ in sequence and often viral recognition between host species. ...
Using pigs as organ donors has advanced xenotransplantation to the point that it is almost ready for clinical use. However, there is still a zoonotic risk associated with xenotransplantation, and the potential...
The Correction to this article has been published in Retrovirology 2025 22:1
A biologically relevant non-human primate (NHP) model of HIV persistence in the central nervous system (CNS) is necessary. Most current NHP/SIV models of HIV infection fail to recapitulate viral persistence in...
The original article was published in Retrovirology 2023 20:10
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, a disease characterized by the neoplastic proliferation of B cells in cattle. While most European countries have introduced eff...
Once integrated in the genome of infected cells, HIV-1 provirus is transcribed by the cellular transcription machinery. This process is regulated by both viral and cellular factors, which are necessary for an ...
The Correction to this article has been published in Retrovirology 2023 20:12
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) protect against HIV-1 acquisition in animal models and show promise in treatment of infection. They act by binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), thereby blocking its ...
Several mechanisms including reduced CCR5 expression, protective HLA, viral restriction factors, broadly neutralizing antibodies, and more efficient T-cell responses, have been reported to account for HIV cont...
With suppressive antiretroviral therapy, HIV infection is well-managed in most patients. However, eradication and cure are still beyond reach due to latent viral reservoirs in CD4 + T cells, particularly in ly...
Most proteins expressed by endogenous and exogenous retroviruses are encoded in the sense (positive) strand of the genome and are under the control of regulatory elements within the 5’ long terminal repeat (LT...
SAMHD1 is a deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase that restricts replication of HIV-1 in differentiated leucocytes. HIV-1 is not restricted in cycling cells and it has been proposed that this is due to phosphory...
A rapidly evolving understanding of phase separation in the biological and physical sciences has led to the redefining of virus-engineered replication compartments in many viruses with RNA genomes. Condensatio...
Nef performs multiple cellular activities that enhance HIV-1 pathogenesis. The role of Nef-mediated down-regulation of the host restriction factor SERINC5 in HIV-1 pathogenesis is not well-defined. We aimed to...
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased life expectancy in people with HIV-1 (PWH), acute and chronic kidney disease remain common in this population and are associated with poor outcomes. A broad ...
HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND) affect up to 50% of people living with HIV (PLWH), even in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). HIV-DNA can be detected in the cerebral spinal flui...
Lentiviruses (genus Lentivirus) are complex retroviruses that infect a broad range of mammals, including humans. Unlike many other retrovirus genera, lentiviruses have only rarely been incorporated into the mamma...
Friend virus (FV) is a complex of the Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) and the replication-defective, pathogenic spleen focus forming virus (SFFV). In the past, we used a fluorescently labeled F-MuLV to a...
We present 109 near full-length HIV genomes amplified from blood serum samples obtained during early 1986 from across Uganda, which to our knowledge is the earliest and largest population sample from the initi...
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